You can now create mobile apps watermarked with the Kotobee logo without spending any credits. To have both these customizations effective, you will need to re-generate your existing apps. This makes your ebook leaning more and more towards a professional app. Both customization controls are available for libraries as well.įirstly, you can now pick the color of the splashscreen (previously purple) that displays just a few seconds before the app is fully loaded. Firstly, if your user is scrolling through the content downwards, the header and navigation buttons can optionally move out of the screen, giving a more comfortable reading area. We’ve added two new UI customizations for your convenience. This feature is supported for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone. This way, you will attract more users with the “free” content, while getting paid by Google. What better choice than a Google-backed ad provider like Google AdMob? Kotobee Author now allows you to enter a Google AdMob Publisher ID in the mobile app export screen. Provide your apps along with its content entirely for free, and place ads inside. So you’ve previously tried to sell your apps on the stores, or provide them for free and sell user access via cloud ebooks. We’ve introduced a number of new features in addition to UI improvements that really will give you an edge over whatever’s out there. If you are exporting your ebook as a mobile app, or to an ebook library available as an app, you are in for a treat. When an HTML source is turned into separate book chapters and subchapters, all the hyperlinks are correctly updated.įor details on all the available options, and instruction on usage, read our new support article: Importing HTML. There are a number of useful options when importing an HTML source, such as pulling all the images, styles, scripts to be available offline inside the ebook, or splitting chapters and subchapters according to a certain marker or tag. Awkwardly, for some particular PDF documents, if you save them as HTML they will turn reflowable again!.This isn’t possible with PDF, since it’s a flat format. You can import HTML along with any interactivity in it.Easily turn websites into multi-chapter ebooks.MS Office and OpenOffice products) can export to HTML. This gives a greater advantage over importing PDF. Unlike PDF, HTML maintains the reflowable nature of documents.We’ve now added support for importing HTML documents. Excuse us for the long list! HTML importĪs you know, you could import PDF documents and basic Word documents from Kotobee Author. This includes new features for Kotobee Author, Cloud, and Reader.īeside all the bug fixes, and little fancy bells and whistles, here are the main additions you will find in this release. The release of v1.3.0 is perhaps the biggest collection of new features released for Kotobee Author in one shot. Just days ago, our platform has been updated. For the latest release, go to Meet the Long-Awaited Kotobee v1.5.
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![]() The current effort was intended to serve as an initial guide for SRM designers and researchers in selecting the optimization method that well suits their problem, and to help them know where to go next. ![]() In this survey, the authors have attempted to highlight the most used algorithms, the most common design objectives, the recent trends, and the main challenges in SRM design optimization in a simplified and organized manner. To accomplish their objective within given overall system requirements and constraints, SRM subsystems and components must be carefully designed and optimized. A three dimensional 3.5 deg gimbaled nozzle flowfield solution was. Although SRMs are relatively simple in principle, their modern types are complex systems that must incorporate several technical disciplines and teams to meet stringent mission requirements and design criteria. Improvements to solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzle designs and material performance is. Many designers and manufacturers from different organizations prefer the SRM option when compared to other types of rocket propulsion systems. Over the past 70 years, solid rocket motors (SRMs) proved to be a reliable and cost-effective propulsion system for a wide range of rocket-based applications starting from small tactical weapons up to current large space boosters. An optimum double base propellant formulation of 34.18% sorbitol and 65.82% potassium nitrate can be used in launching rockets and missile systems because of its high specific impulse and thrust. These values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The optimum performance values obtained are 90.2119 s, 1643.84 K, 1843.02 Kg/m 3 and 950.854 N for specific impulse, temperature, density and thrust respectively. The coefficients of determination (R 2) values gotten are 0.9999, 0.9974, 0.9999 and 0.9974 and the adjusted coefficients of determination (adjusted R 2) values are 0.9964, 0.9999, 0.9999 and 0.9964 which further validates the model. The model fitness value (F-value) of 972.07, 29072.37, 32434.66 and 969.43 implies that the model is significant since there is only a 0.01% chance that an F-value that is large could occur due to noise. The gimbaled engine mounting does not give full control about all three axes. From the model equations developed, the potassium nitrate ratio had a positive linear and negative quadratic effect on specific impulse and density and a strong positive linear and strong negative quadratic effect on temperature and thrust. For example, assume that the missile has rolled 90 degrees clockwise from. The design is based on the fact that specific impulse, temperature, density and thrust of the product are functionally related to specific propellant formulation and these are fitted to multiple regression equations describing responses to optimal formulation using response surface methodology (RSM). This research provides an insight into a way of preventing the negative effect of poor propellant formulation on the predetermined rocket mission. Solution (a) Use the thrust given for the rocket sled in Figure 4.8. The study investigated the optimization of the formulation of a double – based solid propellant using Sorbitol as fuel and Potassium nitrate as oxidizer. 15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their. ![]() The learner builds upon his or her previous experience and understanding to “construct” a new understanding. According to the International Bureau of Education: “In cognitive psychology, learning is understood as the acquisition of knowledge: the learner is an information-processor who absorbs information, undertakes cognitive operations on it and stocks it in memory.” Learning relies on both external factors (like information or data) and the internal thought process.ĭeveloped in the 1950s, this theory moves away from behaviorism to focus on the mind’s role in learning. If students do an excellent job, they receive positive reinforcement and are signaled out for recognition. Learning is based on a system of routines that “drill” information into a student’s memory bank, as well as positive feedback from teachers and an educational institution itself. Today, much research, study, and debate have given rise to the following five learning theories: THEORYĪs Simply Psychology puts it: “Behaviorism is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors, as they can be studied in a systematic and observable manner.” Or, in other words, do people learn by responding to external stimuli or by using their brains to construct knowledge from external data? The five educational learning theories In the 20th century, the debate among educational theorists centered on behaviorist theory versus cognitive psychology. The goal was to understand objectively how people learn and then develop teaching approaches accordingly. ![]() They explored whether knowledge and truth could be found within oneself (rationalism) or through external observation (empiricism).īy the 19th century, psychologists began to answer this question with scientific studies. Theories in education didn’t begin in earnest until the early 20th century, but curiosity about how humans learn dates back to the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Generally, there are five widely accepted learning theories teachers rely on:Įducational theorists, teachers, and experts believe these theories can inform successful approaches for teaching and serve as a foundation for developing lesson plans and curriculum. “Learning theories develop hypotheses that describe how this process takes place.” “Learning is defined as a process that brings together personal and environmental experiences and influences for acquiring, enriching or modifying one’s knowledge, skills, values, attitudes, behavior and worldviews,” notes the International Bureau of Education. Many of them have been pioneered by educational theorists who’ve studied the science of learning to determine what works best and for whom. After all, everyone goes to school and learns more or less the same thing, right? Well, not quite.Īs the prolific number of educational theorists in learning suggests, there’s actually an impressive variety of educational approaches to the art and science of teaching. Teaching and learning may appear to be a universal experience. How educational learning theories can impact your education Understanding learning theories can result in a variety of outcomes, from improving communication between students and teachers to determining what students learn.Additional learning theories include transformative, social, and experiential.There are five primary educational learning theories: behaviorism, cognitive, constructivism, humanism, and connectivism.Health & Business Administration (dual degree).Counseling/Marriage, Family & Child Therapy (CA only).Clinical Mental Health Counseling - Online.Clinical Mental Health Counseling - AZ Campus.Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.Applied Psychology in Media & Technology. ![]() Party: Play casually or join the online competitive game where you compete to become Dancer of the Week and get featured on the app! Casual or competitive, it’s your call!.Innovative: Stay fit, have fun, and enjoy the rhythm with an arcade like experience!.Quality: Only the best chart-topping hits, all licensed, choreographed and optimized for your personal dancefloor! Quality playlists and collections added every week!.Ĝontent: Dance to over 700+ of the best songs from around the world with fresh content added regularly!. ![]()
![]() ![]() Some publishers have even gone as far as to say that eBooks are unlikely to see any further growth. eMagazine and eBook mock-up templateĪlthough eBooks have carved out a niche in the publishing market, many industry experts would point out that, despite earlier predictions to the contrary, print books are still going strong. The publishing industry is rapidly changing, with digital formats (EPUBs, more popularly known as eBooks) gaining popularity over the last decade as more consumers look to read books using tablets or eReaders. The Beginner’s Quick-Start Guide to InDesign (Tutorials, Tips & Resources)ģ. What's the Best Format for Your Book Template: Paperback, Hardback, or eBook?.We’ll look at some tips for getting the most out of some of these features in the rest of this article, but if you’re looking to make a start on learning InDesign, this beginner’s quick-start guide will get you started on the right foot in no time. While you can use other software to create books, such as QuarkXPress, most professional book designers still consider InDesign to be the industry standard, so it’s well worth getting yourself familiar with some of the key features of InDesign, such as text threading, masters, styles, and typography. Ready to Take the Next Step? Create Your Book Template in InDesignįor many first-time book designers, it might also be the first time you come into contact with Adobe InDesign, so make sure to brush up on the basics before you begin designing, so you can approach creating your book with confidence. ![]() This Kindle magazine and book template can be easily adapted as a large-format book for a children’s picture book or a coffee table title. This great-value book temple bundle allows you to create three clean and modern InDesign book layouts, complete with a cover, contents page, chapters, and paragraph styles. Read on to discover a few of our favorite InDesign book templates. By adapting a cover template, you can see how the designer has set up the size and proportions of the layout, as well as observing how the spine, bleed and color specs have been optimised for a professional template. Pre-saved text styles (view these by going to Window > Styles > Paragraph Styles) will be set up for you as well, meaning that it’s quick and easy to give the text in your book a consistent look.īook cover templates are also handy for designers looking to gain experience with cover design. The advantage of using a template? Fiddly tasks like setting up page numbers, sections and masters (see below) have already been done for you. Pro-standard, ready-made InDesign book templates can be downloaded from sites like Envato Elements and can be customized with your own content. There’s no shame in admitting that you might not have any idea where to start with creating your book. Complete Novice? Start With an InDesign Book Template You'll also pick up some handy tips from the pros along the way. Interior Pages Design → This file will be in Adobe InDesign format and will have all styles as well as a Table of Contents for efficient design management.Read on to discover ten essential steps for creating your own InDesign book templates from scratch, including how to create a book cover and how to make a book layout.Cover → This file must be in Adobe Illustrator for a better handling of the final art.It is a file that has to be separated into 2 items: Each one has been created with typography, colors, and layouts specifically tailored to the content inside of them. These designs are perfect for anyone who wants to make their book look professional without having to spend hours making it happen. But it can be tough to find the time and resources to do so. We all know and love the saying “don’t judge a book by it’s cover.” As designers, we know how important it is to create a beautiful and compelling cover for our books. Printing the cover requires special care in the color calibration of the printing machine. Therefore we have selected a list of InDesign Book Templates that will save you a lot of time.Books must be a designer in Adobe InDesign and the cover must be designed in Adobe Illustrator as each part is printed separately and requires different care. The editorial design of a book is intended to be clean and dynamic so that the reader can enjoy their reading. Here are 15+ Best InDesign Book Templates (Free & Premium). It is easy to learn and comes with pre-designed templates that will save you time while still allowing you to make changes to your liking. Whether you’re designing an editorial book or want to create a Coffee Table Book Template, InDesign can help you design an aesthetically pleasing book in minutes. This list will give you inspiration and help you find a template that fits your needs. With the ease of use of InDesign, you have the power to create a beautiful book in no time. It also comes with more standard features, such as a converter, and has good OCR capabilities.” Elsewhere, you’ll find outstanding PDF converter tools and eSignature tools. In our review, we described EaseUS’ offering as “a powerful, PC-only PDF editing software tool that allows you to manipulate and alter documents with relative ease. The Pro version opens up the software, however. This works great in a pinch, but it restricted in many ways - not least adding a watermark to your documents. Unlike many of the best Acrobat alternatives, EaseUS has a free, but limited version available alongside the Pro version. Volume licensing for businesses is also available.ĮaseUS PDF Editor is the ideal choice if you’re on a PC - it’s one of the best alternatives to Adobe Acrobat for Windows. This PDF editing software is capable of running on a PC or a Mac, and costs $180 per license. It also comes with a good OCR, conversion tools.” Ultimately, we found this Adobe Acrobat alternative “a good PDF editing software package that allows you to make changes to documents, annotate them, and perform numerous alterations on them. Everything else is very well implemented, and we especially liked how the ability to convert files to and from PDFs is performed. You have a lot of tools at your disposal, including various ways to make annotations, leaving instructions for colleagues to follow.Įditing the actual content of an already existing PDF isn’t as seamless as we’d like it to be, and that’s probably the weakest tool in Nitro’s arsenal. Other tools to let you make changes to existing PDF documents, and even create one from scratch. The interface and experience make using the software incredibly simple and easy - a factor the sometimes overwhelming Acrobat struggles to boast. When we tried out the product, we found it featured an impressive toolkit that compares favorably with Adobe Acrobat. You won’t find any on-going payment plans with this PDF editor. Nitro PDF Pro is probably the best Acrobat alternative for those who absolutely, positively want to avoid subscriptions at all costs. ![]() The experience might not quite match Adobe’s fluid workflow, but it’s a price you can’t beat. PDF24 Creator is available free and unlimited. Praising Acrobat for its inclusion of tools for almost use-cases, we noted, “the only exception is if you need something more advanced for filling out forms, in which case an editor like PDF24 Creator or PDFZilla could work better, despite looking a bit clunkier.” We even felt it bested Adobe in one area. The interface is clean and fresh and emphasizes productivity - you can quickly find what you need and what to do. Extras like OCR and eSign are well-implemented. Tools for PDF creation, compressing, merging, and converting are all present and results are grand. ![]() It’s packed full of features, and comes with everything you might need to create and edit a PDF document.” PDF24 Creator isn’t just one of the best Adobe Acrobat alternatives for Windows - it’s also our top pick for best free PDF editor overall.ĭespite the no-cost approach, the tool - a PC-only desktop app that works offline and is ideal for low-spec PCs - is surprisingly feature-rich.ĭuring our time with the software, we rated it as “one of the best examples of free tools that go above and beyond. You’ll also find two upgraded versions of the PDF editing software - Pro and Pro + - which add additional features for power-users. ![]() If on-going payments are one of the reasons you’re looking for the best Adobe Acrobat alternatives, there’s the opportunity to pick up a perpetual license for a one-off purchase. Pricing for Foxit PDF Editor is flexible, with monthly and yearly subscriptions. The feature is a boon for compliant-conscious teams who understand the importance of adhering to global data laws. We were impressed with how easily they worked, thoroughly scrubbing sensitive data from documents. Indeed, the redaction tools were a special highlight for us. In our Foxit PDF Editor review, we felt it might not offer enough value to casual users, but the multi-platform PDF editor app was great for businesses who regularly need to manipulate, edit, redact, annotate, and alter PDF documents. One neat feature is being able to drag files of other formats - such as converting Excel to PDF or using the PowerPoint to PDF converter. This includes watermarking, adding headers and footers, tailoring password permissions, creating templates, and converting other documents to PDFs. The company's best Adobe Acrobat alternative, Foxit PDF Editor, offers dozens of useful features. Like Adobe, Foxit has been offering PDF tools for decades, and users can take confidence from the many high-profile endorsements proudly listed on the Foxit site, with the likes of Amazon, Google, Dell, and Intel among them. Foxit PDF Editor is a stellar substitute for Adobe Acrobat. ![]() However, the essence of Google Forms lies in the answers. 2 Best Ways to Check Answers in Google Forms Creating a Google Form is quite easy.Once it is back in action, ask these 15 funny things to it. We hope the above fixes make the Assistant speak again on your phone. And the charm is lost when the Assistant doesn’t speak. The way it talks back feels kind of special. The charm of Google Assistant or any other virtual assistant is in its voice. If it still doesn’t work, try these fixes to make Ok Google command to work for you again. Once you do it, say the command Ok Google or Hey Google on any screen to launch Assistant. You will be asked to register your voice. From the three-dot icon on the next screen, select Settings. Step 2: Tap on the Explore icon at the top-right corner. Step 1: Hold the home button to launch Google Assistant. You can also summon it with the Ok Google or Hey Google command. The usual way to launch Google Assistant is by holding the home button. Bonus Tip: Launch Assistant with Ok Google Command Tap on the Update button next to the Google app. To update the app, open Google Play Store and go to My apps & games from the side drawer. Sometimes the problem is with the app itself and update easily fixes it. If none of those mentioned above fixes solve the issue, check if an update is available for the Google app. To check and increase media volume, go to device Settings followed by Sound. I could hear Assistant’s sweet voice again. I asked it, ‘I cannot hear your voice,’ and the intelligent Assistant was quick to reply - Try turning up the volume. Interestingly, Google Assistant itself helped me. Well, that was the case with me when I faced this issue. Turn up Media VolumeĪs stupid as it may sound, sometimes Google Assistant doesn’t talk because the media volume has been accidentally turned down. To fix this, follow the steps 1-3 of Check input mode fix, i.e. You need to set it to On for listening to responses. If the Hands-free only mode is selected, the answers cannot be heard through the phone speakers. Google offers two options in this setting - On and Hands-free only. Turn on Speech OutputĪnother setting that could be responsible for Google Assistant not responding issue is Speech Output. Step 2: On the Explore screen, tap on the three-dot icon at the top-right corner and select Settings from the menu. Step 1: Launch Google Assistant and tap on the Explore icon. You need to change it back to Voice to hear the answers. If Google Assistant isn’t talking to you, you might have changed the preferred input mode to type. You can type queries and Google will write the answer on the screen without talking back. To avoid this, Google introduced another way to communicate with Assistant - the typing mode. Google Assistant speaking the answers can be quite distracting at some places. ![]() There are other differences between the two as well. Data is deleted if you tap on Clear Data/Clear Storage. Clearing cache will not delete any data from your device. Step 2: Under All apps, tap on Google followed by Storage. Step 1: Open device Settings and go to Apps/Application Manager/Apps & notifications. If restart doesn’t fix the issue, try clearing cache for the Google app. Of course, it won’t tell you what exactly the issue was but certainly helps in majority of the cases. Restart is known for fixing a lot of issues, and this could be one of them. Whenever you face any issue on your device, the first thing you must do is restart your phone or tablet. Here you will find some fixes to make the Assistant talk again. If you are facing this issue, you have come to the right place. ![]() The mate pair shares in the responsibility of leading their family and tending to their pups. Together they form a pack that typically consists of 5-11 members - the mate pair plus their children, who stay with the pack until they’re about a year old, and then go off to secure their own mates and form their own packs. Wolves are in fact a generally monogamous species, in which males and females pair off and mate for life. Instead of forming packs of unrelated individuals, in which alphas compete to rise to the top, researchers discovered that wild wolf packs actually consist of little nuclear wolf families. The alpha male wolf, indeed, was the wolf that kicked ass and took names.īut then some researchers decided they should actually try to observe how pack formation happens in the wild.īased on their studies on confined wolves, they thought they were going to see this: Under these circumstances, researchers observed that wolves would organize the pack hierarchy based on physical aggression and dominance. They had reached this conclusion from observing groups of wolves that had been taken from various zoos and thrown together in captivity. ![]() The Myth and Reality of the Alpha Wolfįor most of the 20th century, researchers believed that gray wolf packs formed each winter among independent and unrelated wolves that lived near each other. Here’s what it really means to be alpha like the wolf. As we’ll see, looking to wolves for inspiration for human conduct can actually be useful and inspiring, but only if you’ve got a correct conception for what that behavior consists of. The research it’s based on turned out to be hugely flawed.īelow, we’ll explore the myth and reality of the alpha wolf. Hence, the idea that to be an alpha male, you’ve got to take no prisoners, f*** s*** up each and every day, take what’s yours, and never say sorry. ![]() Popular culture soon took this conception of the alpha wolf, along with the whole alpha vs beta distinction, and applied it to humans - especially men. David Mech wrote a book called The Wolf, which expanded on Schenkel’s research and popularized the idea of alpha and beta wolves and the leader/subordinate social dynamic of wolf packs.īoth researchers described this dynamic as a competition for rank, with alphas being those who were domineering, aggressive, and violent, and used these qualities to fight off rivals to become the supreme leader of the pack. Schenkel observed that the wolves competed for status within their own sex, and that from these rivalries emerged a kind of “alpha pair” - a “lead wolf” that was the top male dog, and a “bitch” that was the top female dog. The idea of there being alpha (and beta) wolves originated from Rudolph Schenkel of the University of Basel in Switzerland, who studied a pack of wolves living at a zoo in the 1940s. ![]() You know, being a straight up alpha wolf. Superimposed on this image is invariably a quote in big bold lettering - some kind of edgy, muscular platitude about ignoring your haters, striking out on your own, and dominating everyone in sight. Scroll through some young guy’s Tumblr or Instagram feed and you’re bound to find a picture of a menacing-looking wolf with blood around its chops or a lone wolf howling at the moon. Scouts: A fully charged bodyshot is probably the most reliable way of taking an enemy Scout out of the game. ![]() Engineers and their buildings: Usually, a team's Demomen or Soldiers can easily take care of Engineers and their Sentry Guns, but a Sniper can work just as well, killing the Engineer with a single headshot or charged bodyshot.A pick on these players is important due to their ability to tank damage. Soldiers and Heavies: Big heads and slow movement speeds make Soldiers and Heavies rather vulnerable to the Sniper Rifle.A pick on him is also an efficient way of removing his stickies. Demomen: Snipers can cripple the enemy's damage output by killing their Demoman.Medics: A fully charged bodyshot will work just as well as a headshot in taking out the most important class on the enemy team.Immediate threats: Any target immediately trying to kill you (generally a Scout), and particularly enemy Snipers.The kill order in competitive TF2 is slightly different from the kill order in casual play. A team that runs a Sniper will generally swap out a Scout for one, though on specific maps where Scouts are important, the roaming Soldier may change to Sniper instead. A fully charged Sniper Rifle bodyshot and an uncharged headshot are the preferred methods of killing Medics, as both shots deal exactly 150 damage. The enemy Medic will always be the highest priority target for Snipers. Every pick that a Sniper makes will reduce the enemy's numbers by one, which is significant in competitive Team Fortress 2 due to the role that every team member plays. The role of the Sniper is simple: Kill key enemy targets. Shots leave a dim, clear line behind them. Hold down fire button to charge, release to fire. Shots leave a bright, easily traceable team-colored line behind them.ĭoes not automatically start charging when zoomed. Scoped shots extinguish flames on wielder and allied players.Įach scoped headshot kill increases the weapon's charge rate by 25% up to 200%.įully charged shots penetrate players and damage enemies behind them. Nature's Call: Scoped headshots always mini-crit and reduce the remaining cooldown of Jarate by 1 second. On scoped hit, applies Jarate effect to the target for 2 to 5 seconds based on amount charged. +96% charging movement speed (total of 53% movement speed while charging)Īrrows can be reflected, shot down, and vaporized.Īrrows lose their accuracy if the bow is drawn for more than 5 seconds.Īrrows can pin enemies to a wall upon being killed (purely cosmetic feature). Hold primary fire to draw (and charge) the arrow press secondary fire to retract the arrow.įriendly Pyros can light arrows to add fire damage. The Sniper uses his Sniper Rifles to deal huge damage on headshots, and otherwise deal large damage at long range.Ĭritical hits are guaranteed for headshots.īullets replaced with an arrow projectile. Main article: Sniper weapons (competitive) ![]() The most important tasks to watch are those that have zero total float values. Note in particular the ‘Free Slack’ and ‘Total Slack’ data columns, which are Microsoft Project’s terminology for free float and total float. We have in Figure 1 our demonstration project. This article describes how to display both total float and free float on the Gantt chart in Microsoft Project 2013. In Microsoft Project both float bars may be displayed directly on the Gantt chart supporting more in-depth schedule analysis. But the beauty of scheduling software is its ability to describe schedule dynamics in a pictorial Gantt chart.ĭisplaying both the total float and free float of tasks on the Gantt chart provides the scheduler with greater insight into schedule flexibility. Most scheduling software is helpful because it lists both total float and free float data. Free float more stringently warns of a task’s potential for delaying other related tasks. Total float measures the potential for project schedule delays. A lesser known, but helpful tool is free float, which tells how many days a task can postpone without delaying a successor task. Total float is important because it specifies how many days a task can postpone without delaying the entire schedule. Reason: Situation 2 proves that this solution is wrong.Ī good solution would be one that defines another link – i.e.How to display free float and total float Gantt Chart bars in Microsoft Project. ![]() Most people I know would be exasperated just trying to define their project in such a detailed manner (particularly if this concerns projects that contain several hundreds of thousands of activities).Ī bad solution would be saying: “you cannot use the FF link use the SS link instead”. This solution is very clumsy and requires lots of work. Now all that remains is disassembling ‘c’ so that the link between ‘b2’ and ‘c’ is FS. You can forgo the SS or FF links only if you specify the activities and disassemble them to sub-activities, until no SS or FF links are necessary.įor instance, in Situation 1, if we disassemble Activity ‘b’ to Activities ‘b1’ and ‘b2’, Activity ‘c’ will only begin after ‘b1’, in parallel to ‘b2’ – we can forgo one link. The worst solution is saying: “do not use the SS or FF link” – because you need them, and they are valid in reality. Therefore, you need to one-up them there are two possible solutions: The Project software does not allow linking two activities with two different links. For instance, this problem would have us link Activity B to Activity C with the SS+4 days link and with the FF+1 day link, thereby preventing Activity B from ending after the project’s completion or Activity C from starting before the project begins. Primavera P6 software solved the problem by allowing to link two activities with numerous links. If you count from 0 to 3 in binary, you get: 00, 01, 10, 11. The nitpickers would probably ask – why does this exist? It may be possible to go back in time in films or in books, but as of today, it is not possible in real life – and should not be used in projects. BUT, if you flip the timeline – this link is exactly FS, just in the other direction! Meaning, if you’re planning a project from end to start – it is a logical link!Īs much as it’s important to maintain mindset flexibility – and plan a project from start to finish and vice versa, because we can only move from today to tomorrow during execution – when building a schedule: do not use this link! This link makes no sense – if you’re looking at it on a timeline. When Activity G precedes Activity H with the SF link, it means that only once Activity G begins, Activity H can end. ![]() This is the strangest link out there – if you try to think of it like the other links: When Task E precedes Task F with FF link, it means that only once Task E ends will Task F be able to end.Įxample: upon completing the experiment, its documentation can be completed. When Activity C precedes Activity D with the SS link, it means that only once Activity C begins will Activity D be able to begin.Įxample: only once the lecturer begins speaking, students can begin taking notes. When Task A precedes Task B with the FS link, it means that only once Task A ends will Task B be able to start.Īs most links between activities are FS links, the letters are not written in the link title in the Predecessors and Successors columns.Įxample : after finishing writing the script for a TV episode, filming can begin. |
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